PSYCHOLOGY - FREE DOWNLOAD - JOURNAL - PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH-

Terrorism-Related Fear and Avoidance Behavior in a Multiethnic Urban Population

2009-08-14T22:25:00.000+07:00

One public health definition of terrorism proposes that the effects of terrorism ‘‘real or threatened’’ may include ‘‘adverse health effects in those immediately affected and their community, ranging from a loss of well-being or security to injury, illness, or death.’’1 The events of September 11, 2001, influenced wellbeing and security beyond the regions directly attacked.2–4 Many people throughout the United States felt they were at risk from terrorism. Risk perceptions, along with antiterrorism programs, laws, and policies (e.g., airport security regulations, visa restrictions, and warrantless surveillance) affected Americans’ lifestyles and behaviors. In the months following the attacks, 40% to 50% of US adults still feared for their safety4,5 and 11% reported changed behaviors such as avoiding public gatherings.6,7 Risk perception theories and research posit that individuals assess risks based on a balance of many factors, including the probability of a hazard or risk personally affecting them, the severity of the personal consequences from risk exposure, feelings of personal control, the perceived inequality of risk distribution across society, and trust in institutions managing risks.8,9 For instance, a national survey conducted 2 months after the attacks of September 11 found that the distance between one’s home and the World Trade Center was inversely correlated with perceptions of terrorism risk among non-Hispanic Whites.9 By contrast, Latinos’ and African Americans’ judgments of future terror risks were not affected by how far they lived from New York City. These results are consistent with findings of lower risk perceptions among politically conservative White males, who feel greater control over their environment and greater trust in the institutions protecting them.10 As noted by Fischhoff, The estimation of personal risk and vulnerability to terrorism may act as a key motivator to behavioral adaptations, including avoidance of usual activities or increased adoption of protective behaviors.11–14 Those who believe they are particularly vulnerable to a riskmay be motivated to perform risk reduction.

Studies document that vulnerable populations, such as the chronically ill, the physically disabled, non-White racial/ ethnic minorities, and immigrants, bear a disproportionate burden of harm from natural disasters15–18 and that there are racial/ethnic differences in perceived risks of natural disasters.15 Similarly, research finds specifically that African Americans and Latinos perceive they are at greater risk from terrorism than do non- Latino Whites.9,19 A survey conducted less than a year after September 11, 2001, reported that African Americans were most likely to limit their outside activities and change their mode of transportation in response to fears of terrorism.5 Also, a national survey found that persons with disabilities were more anxious about their personal risk from terrorism than were persons without disabilities, even when equally prepared. 20 Another study reported that persons who increased their disaster preparations in response to the possibility of terrorist attacks included African Americans, Latinos, persons with disabilities or household dependents, and non– US-born populations.21 As with health and disasters generally, these populations may experience disparities in the effects of terrorism and terrorism policies including their risk perceptions and avoidant behavior. An Israeli survey found that large social groups, including women, had adapted their daily behaviors to minimize the impact of terrorism risks

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Psychiatric Treatment Received by Primary Care Patients With Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia

2009-08-14T22:09:00.000+07:00

Panic disorder is fairly common, with a 12-month prevalence rate of 2.7% and a lifetime prevalence rate of 4.7% (1,2). The course of panic disorder tends to be chronic, with high rates of recurrence after remission, particularly for panic disorder with agoraphobia (3–5). Furthermore, individuals with panic disorder experience considerable impairment and disability, including occupational difficulties (6–9), impaired well-being (10–12), and reduced quality of life (9–14). They also have higher rates of health care use, with a greater number of outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations compared with those without the disorder (8,10,15).

Individuals with panic disorder typically present to the primary care setting, with estimates suggesting that as many as 80% of cases first present to primary care (16). Thus the rate of the disorder is higher in primary care settings, with a reported median prevalence of 4% to 6% (8). Furthermore, the majority of individuals with panic disorder obtain their mental health treatment in the primary care setting (17,18). Despite these findings, research suggests that panic disorder often goes unrecognized (19, 20) and is inadequately treated in both primary care (8,21–23) and psychiatric settings (24–26). A number of effective pharmacologic treatments for panic disorder exist, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and benzodiazepines (27–30). Likewise, psychosocial treatments, namely cognitive-behavioral therapy (30,31) and possibly a specific form of psychoanalytic treatment (32), have been found to be effective. Despite this, estimates suggest that over 40% of individuals with panic disorder go untreated (33). Certain demographic characteristics. (for example, gender, education, and race) and clinical variables (for example, comorbid diagnoses) appear to be related to mental health service use in general (34–36). Additionally, there may be other factors that have an impact on service use, such as not perceiving oneself in need of treatment (37). For individuals with panic disorder who do receive treatment, little is known about the treatment typically received, and no studies have examined whether there are differences in treatment between persons with panic disorder with agoraphobia and those with panic disorder without agoraphobia. Brook A. Marcks, Ph.D.
Risa B. Weisberg, Ph.D. Martin B. Keller, M.D.
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THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON DEFORESTATION: A CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE Cuneyt Koyuncu, Rasim Yilmaz. The Journal of Developing Areas. Nashville: Spring 2

2009-02-10T09:58:00.000+07:00

We hypothesized that corruption could contribute to deforestation. The present study, therefore, try to identify such a relation between corruption and deforestation. By using three different corruption indices, we found a statistically significant strong positive relation between corruption and deforestation for different periods across different countries. This finding remains valid in both univariate and multivariate models. Also, the model takes the potential heteroscedasticity problem, common in cross-section studies, into account and makes correction if necessary. To our best knowledge, this study is the first cross-country study addressing to the issue by utilizing all available corruption indices, namely Corruption Perception Index (CPI), International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) index, and Business Intelligence (BI) index. Policies and measures taken towards reducing corruption, therefore, may help to decrease illegal forest activities (e.g. illegal logging and timbering, smuggling of forest products etc.) and in turn depletion of forests.

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The reliability of marking on a psychology degree Christopher Dracup. British Journal of Psychology. London: Nov 1997. Vol. 88 Part 4. pg. 691, 18 pgs

2009-02-10T09:15:00.000+07:00

The reliability of marking for the final cohort of students to graduate from the psychology degree scheme in place at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle between 1985 and 1993 was investigated. Inter-marker correlations for some course components were low, but the correlation between students' overall first marks and their overall second marks was .93, a value in keeping with those typically reported for national school examinations. The reliability of a student's overall agreed mark was estimated to be .96 and the standard error of measurement to be about 1 per cent. Further analyses went on to consider the influence of question and option choice on reliability, the representativeness of the cohort studied and the effects of agreeing marks rather than simply averaging first and second marks. Cronbach's alpha was proposed as a means of estimating reliability in the absence of second marking and was used to compare the reliability of first and second markers. The possibility of second marking the work only of those students who were classified as borderline on the basis of their first marks was discussed. The paper concludes with a reminder that reliability does not guarantee validity.

Reliability is a fundamental requirement of any assessment procedure. The greater the reliability of an assessment, the more certain we can be that observed differences between individuals on the assessment are the result of real differences between the individuals on whatever the assessment is measuring rather than the result of random error. Reliability does not guarantee validity. The fact that differences on an assessment do result from real differences between individuals on whatever the assessment is measuring does not guarantee that what it is measuring is what we want it to measure. However, the reliability of a test does set an upper bound on the possible validity of a test. Classical test theory tells us that the correlation between observed scores of individuals on a measurement and their true scores on the variable underlying that measurement is equal to the square root of the reliability coefficient. It follows that the correlation between the observed scores and any criterion variable cannot be greater than this value. Hence the criterion validity of a measurement can not exceed the square root of the reliability coefficient (Gulliksen, 1987, p. 33).

Many factors can contribute to the unreliability of an assessment: the particular sample of questions asked; the timing of the assessment, etc. One contributor, of particular concern to those interested in measuring educational attainment, is marker unreliability. If a marker is inconsistent in the way in which he or she allocates marks to examination answers, then some of the observed differences in the scores of those sitting the examination will not be due to real differences in the quality of their answers, but to the marker's inconsistencies. These issues become particularly important at grade boundaries where a small change in an examinee's score could lead to the award of a lower or higher grade (see Cresswell, 1986a, 1988). If such changes are likely to occur as a result of marker unreliability then we have cause for concern.

The issue of marker reliability has prompted a good deal of research into the marking of national school examinations (e.g. Murphy, 1978, 1979, 1982). Murphy (1982) reported inter-marker correlations as high as 1.00 for O-level mathematics and physics examinations, but as low as .80 for O-level English literature. The median inter-marker correlation of the 24 O- and A-level examinations studied was .93. Rather little research has been carried out by psychologists into the reliability of marking on degree schemes. Two notable exceptions are Laming (1990) and Newstea & Dennis (1994). Laming estimated the reliability of the assessment of the overall performance of two cohorts of students on 'a certain university degree ' from inter-marker reliabilities calculated for each of five pairs of markers (each pair assessed one of the five sections into which the scheme was divided). His analysis used the methods of classical test theory and drew comparisons with the findings of research into the precision of absolute judgments. Newstead & Dennis attacked the issue from a different direction. Rather than studying an actual degree scheme, they asked a number of examiners to assess the answers of six students to a single question: `Is there a language module in the mind?' From the range of the scores awarded to each student's answer, they were able to estimate the standard error of measurement for that question and extrapolate that estimate to the overall performance of students on a degree scheme. The two studies came to rather different conclusions. Laming, whose data relate more closely to an actual scheme, concluded that for one of the two years he considered:
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The relationship of dementia prevalence in older

2009-01-08T07:24:00.000+07:00

It has often been assumed that dementia occurs more commonly in the intellectual disability (ID) population than in the general population (Torr, 2005). Although it is now accepted that those with Down syndrome(DS) have a genetic predisposition for dementia related to the APP gene on chromosome 21, dementia may also be more common in the ID population who do not have DS (Cooper, 1997). Furthermore, it has been proposed that dementia in the ID population should occur at a younger age than is usual. Tredgold, a London physician during the ﬁrst half of the previous century, asserted that ‘as would be expected,in most cases of primary amentia, [the] senile form of dementia sets in at an earlier age than the normal. It often begins to show itself in the fourth decade […], and the majority of aments who live much after this usually show deﬁnite and progressive mental deterioration ’ (Tredgold, 1952). Thompson (1951) believed the earlier age of decline to be related to arrested brain development. More recently, the cognitive reserve hypothesis has been proposed to explain how adults with similar brain insults may present with diﬀering clinical pictures. It proposes that intelligence, education and occupational level can inﬂuence the occurrence and course of many central nervous system disorders Whalley et al. 2004). Stern (2002) proposed two components to cognitive reserve. The ﬁrst comprises passive components such as brain size and synapse count or ‘hardware ’ of the brain, which diﬀers between individuals. Proxies for it include measurements such as brain volume and pre-morbid intelligence (Staﬀ et al. 2004). Active components or ‘software ’ of the brain are developed through educational, leisure and occupational activities that develop the use of diﬀerent neuronal pathways (Stern,2003). The hypothesis assumes that there is a critical threshold of reserve capacity that needs to be breached by pathological processes before clinical or functional symptoms will develop. Those with more reserve have been found to be less likely to develop dementia or cognitive decline (Whalley et al. 2000 ; Verghese et al.2003 ; Valenzuela & Sachdev, 2006). Although these studies are consistent with the theory of cognitive reserve, none speciﬁcally studied participants in the ID (mental retardation) range of ability.
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Journal; Hypertension in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and journal; Depression in the US National Comorbidity Survey

2008-12-24T05:48:00.000+07:00

The clinical literature increasingly indicates that cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are more common among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Depression also poses a risk for CVD and is often comorbid with PTSD. Research to date has not established whether PTSD is associated with additional CVD risk beyond the risks associated with comorbid depression. The authors examined relationships of lifetime PTSD and depression with high blood pressure in data from the US National Comorbidity Survey. They divided participants into 4 mutually exclusive diagnostic groups: (1) PTSD history and no depression history, (2) PTSD and depression history, (3) depression history and no PTSD history, and (4) no history of mental disorder. Hypertension prevalence was higher for the PTSD, no depression and PTSD plus depression groups compared with the depression only and no mental disorder groups. PTSD appears to be related to hypertension independent of depression. This may partially explain elevated rates of CVD in PTSD patients.Jeffrey L Kibler, Kavita Joshi, Mindy Ma. Behavioral Medicine. Washington: Winter 2009. Vol. 34, Iss. 4; pg. 125, 7 pgs.
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Helping Partnerships that Facilitate Recovery from Severe Mental Illness

2008-12-24T00:42:00.000+07:00

The intent of this study was to learn how consumers experience helping partnerships that assist them in recovery to inform families, professionals, and peers about meaningful actions and strategies that promote the healing process. In-depth interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 10 individuals who had a self-reported diagnosis of severe mental illness. Using the phenomenological research process, helping partnerships and how they develop were described. Six key themes emerged from the data and included Networks of Helping Partnerships, Teaching-Learning, Spirituality, Creative Drive, Time, and Medication Adherence. Characteristics and behaviors of helping partners were identified, as well as structures that promoted their development. Educating the public, consumers, and mental health professionals about how to promote recovery, the role of spirituality and creativity, the benefits of medication and therapy, and the impact of learning on progressing through recovery can go a long way toward eliminating the mystery and fear associated with mental illness.Kathleen Hope Anthony. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services. Thorofare: Jul 2008. Vol. 46, Iss. 7; pg. 24, 10 pgs.
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PRAYER AND MARITAL INTERVENTION: CAN IT BE LONG AND STRONG ENOUGH TO MATTER?

2008-12-24T00:39:00.000+07:00

Namely, the therapist sees prayer as a way of helping partners gain perspective, break negative thought cycles, promote the relaxation response, or engage in dialogue with a supportive other (namely God or the Deity). The authors discuss how "time out" procedures generally provide some explicit or implicit way of reducing conflict and experiencing a positive break from conflict. The authors suggest that colloquial prayer may provide a behavior that couples are likely to remember to execute when experiencing strong emotions.\n They observe that there are potential gender dynamics that need to be investigated.Everett L Worthington Jr. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. New York: Sep 2008. Vol. 27, Iss. 7; pg. 686, 7 pgs.
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All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Men Released From State Prison, 1980-2005

2008-12-22T14:35:00.000+07:00

We compared mortality of ex-prisoners and other state residents to identify unmet health care needs among former prisoners. We linked North Carolina prison records with state death records for 1980 to 2005 to estimate the number of overall and cause-specific deaths among male ex-prisoners aged 20 to 69 years and used standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare these observed deaths with the number of expected deaths had they experienced the same age-, race-, and cause-specific death rates as other state residents. All-cause mortality among White (SMR=2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.04, 2.13) and Black (SMR=1.03; 95% CI=1.01, 1.05) ex-prisoners was greater than for other male NC residents. Ex-prisoners' deaths from homicide, accidents, substance use, HIV, liver disease, and liver cancer were greater than the expected number of deaths estimated using death rates among other NC residents. Deaths from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes were at least 30% greater than expected for White ex-prisoners, but less than expected for Black ex-prisoners. Ex-prisoners experienced more deaths than would have been expected among other NC residents. Excess deaths from injuries and medical conditions common to prison populations highlight ex-prisoners' medical vulnerability and the need to improve correctional and community preventive health services.David L Rosen, Victor J Schoenbach, David A Wohl. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Dec 2008. Vol. 98, Iss. 12; pg. 2278, 7 pgs.
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journal Of Treatment Options for Insomnia

2008-12-22T14:29:00.000+07:00

The frequency of sleep disruption and the degree to which insomnia significantly affects daytime function determine the need for evaluation and treatment. Physicians may initiate treatment of insomnia at an initial visit; for patients with clear acute stressor such as grief, no further evaluation may be indicated. However, if insomnia is severe or long-lasting, a thorough evaluation to uncover coexisting medical, neurologic, or psychiatric illness is warranted. Treatment should begin with nonpharmacologic therapy, addressing sleep hygiene issues and exercise. There is good evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy. Exercise improves sleep as effectively as benzodiazepines in some studies and, given its other health benefits, is recommended for patients with insomnia. Hypnotics generally should be prescribed for short periods only, with the frequency and duration of use customized to each patient's circumstances. Routine use of over-the-counter drugs containing antihistamines should be discouraged. Alcohol has the potential for abuse and should not be used as a sleep aid. Opiates are valuable in pain-associated insomnia. Benzodiazepines are most useful for short-term treatment; however, long-term use may lead to adverse effects and withdrawal phenomena. The better safety profile of the newer-generation nonbenzodiazepines (i.e., zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone, and ramelteon) makes them better first-line choices for long-term treatment of chronic insomnia.
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Toilet Training

2008-12-22T09:40:00.000+07:00

Toilet training is a developmental task that impacts families with small children. All healthy children are eventually toilet trained, and most complete the task without medical intervention. Most research on toilet training is descriptive, although some is evidence based. In the United States, the average age at which training begins has increased over the past four decades from earlier than 18 months of age to between 21 and 36 months of age. Newer studies suggest no benefit of intensive training before 27 months of age. Mastery of the developmental skills required for toilet training occurs after 24 months of age. Girls usually complete training earlier than boys. Numerous toilet-training methods are available. The Brazelton child-oriented approach uses physiologic maturity, ability to understand and respond to external feedback, and internal motivation to assess readiness. Dr. Spock's toilet-training approach is another popular method used by parents. The American Academy of Pediatrics incorporates components of the child-oriented approach into its guidelines for toilet training. "Toilet training in a day," a method by Azrin and Foxx, emphasizes operant conditioning and teaches specific toileting components. Because each family and child are unique, recommendations about the ideal time or optimal method must be customized. Family physicians should provide guidance about toilet-training methods and identify children who have difficulty reaching developmental milestones.
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Psychological Testing For Safety: The Neglected Work Of Hug

2008-12-11T14:32:00.000+07:00

Hugo Munsterberg is recognized today as the father of industrial psychology, yet he has made many contributions to the field of occupational safety. A review of his life and accomplishments indicates that he pioneered the use of psychological tests to select people less prone to have accidents and developed the concept that it is the responsibility of management to prevent job-related accidents. Although his work began in Germany, Munsterberg came to the US and worked at Harvard. He then became the president of the American Psychological Association and conducted meaningful research on the use of psychology in industrial settings. However, his popularity waned due to outspoken sympathies toward Germany prior to World War I. Much of Munsterberg's pioneering work in safety was carried out at the Boston Elevated Railway Co., where he evaluated the fitness of the company's motormen for their work. His discoveries indicate that many accidents are caused by diminished attention, due to distraction or fatigue. Munsterberg's activities have inspired increased business interest in psychological testing, and other psychologists have expanded on his theories.
Professional Safety. Des Plaines: Nov 1988. Vol. 33, Iss. 11; pg. 13, 6 pgs

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Using statistical smoothing to estimate the psycholinguistic acceptability of novel phrases

2008-12-11T14:12:00.000+07:00

The statistical technique of smoothing, which interpolates unknown values in a distribution, at once addresses twin problems faced by natural language processing (NLP) engineers and psycholinguists as a result of sparse data. The primary purpose of these data is to facilitate the exploration of smoothing as a psycholinguistic process responsible for the differential acceptability of nonoccurring phrases and to facilitate the comparison of smoothing algorithms in ways that will shed light on the aspects of their operation that are germane to the explanation of psycholinguistic acceptability. second, therefore, to illustrate the potential of the data set hi these respects, we present a short series of experiments that utilize a novel methodology for comparing several smoothing algorithms' capacity to predict acceptability judgments.
Matthew A J Roberts, Nick Chater. Behavior Research Methods. Austin: Feb 2008. Vol. 40, Iss. 1; pg. 84, 10 pgs
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Creating the contrast: The influence of silence and background music on recall and attribute importance

2008-12-11T09:21:00.000+07:00

The ways in which advertisers can use silence in radio commercials to increase attention to, and subsequent retention of, information in an advertisement are investigated. It is argued that, when music is used in an advertisement, listener attention can be focused on specific pieces of information by cutting to silence just before presenting the crucial information and by continuing the underlying silence as the information is presented. An experiment is reported in which silence effectively increases the listener retention of ad information, in comparison with the use of either background music or background silence throughout. The effect was greatest when the highlighted information was the last items of a series. However, counter to expectations, advertisements with no background music whatsoever did not induce greater overall recall than ads with background music throughout

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Journal Smoking Cessation Intervention for Female Prisoners: Addressing an Urgent Public Health Need

2008-12-11T08:48:00.000+07:00

We tested the efficacy of a combined pharmacologic and behavioral smoking cessation intervention among women in a state prison in the southern United States. The study design was a randomized controlled trial with a 6-month waitlist control group. The intervention was a 10-week group intervention combined with nicotine replacement therapy. Two hundred and fifty participants received the intervention, and 289 were in the control group. Assessments occurred at baseline; end of treatment; 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment; and at weekly sessions for participants in the intervention group. The intervention was efficacious compared with the waitlist control group. Point prevalence quit rates for the intervention group were 18% at end of treatment, 17% at 3-month follow-up, 14% at 6-month follow-up, and 12% at 12-month follow-up, quit rates that are consistent with outcomes from community smoking-cessation interventions. Female prisoners are interested in smoking cessation interventions and achieved point-prevalence quit rates similar to community samples. Augmenting tobacco control policies in prison with smoking cessation interventions has the potential to address a significant public health need.
Karen Cropsey, Gloria Eldridge, Michael Weaver, Gabriela Villalobos, et al. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Oct 2008. Vol. 98, Iss. 10; pg. 1894, 8 pgs

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Journal Perceptions of Turkish Psychiatric Inpatients about Therapeutic Factors of Group Psychotherapy

2008-12-11T08:36:00.000+07:00

Many studies on therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy were done during the 1970s and 1980s, primarily with Western samples. The present study was carried out in a psychiatric inpatient clinic in Turkey. Using Yalom's (1975) therapeutic factor questionnaire administered at discharge, patients rated existential factor, instillation of hope and self-understanding as the most helpful factors and identification as the least helpful. There were significant differences among patients with regard to gender, age, education, and comorbid personality disorder, but not with Axis I diagnosis or number of attended sessions. Patients' and psychiatrist's ratings showed significant differences. Differences between this Turkish sample and those reported in common Western literature are discussed under the light of relatedness psychology, which is an important concept of cross-cultural psychology.
Aslhian Sayin, Ersin Hatice Karslioglu, Armagang Sürgit, Selda Sahin, et al. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Apr 2008. Vol. 58, Iss. 2; pg. 253, 11 pgs
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Safeguarding the Rights of Sexual Minorities: The Incremental and Legal Approaches to Enforcing International Human Rights Obligations

2008-12-06T09:52:00.000+07:00

The stark contrast between the aspirational, lofty language of international human rights treaties and the domestic laws of their signatories-not to mention official statements made by those signatory nations' leaders-is truly astounding. To note just one example of this disparity, Zimbabwe signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ("ICCPR"), pledging that its own "law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination."1 But in 2006, Zimbabwe passed legislation that makes it a crime for two people of the same sex to kiss, hug, or hold hands2-and Zimbabwe's current leader, President Robert Mugabe, has publicly stated that gays are "worse than dogs and pigs"3 and has urged members of his party to tie up homosexuals and bring them to the police to be arrested.4
Even in nations where both international treaties and domestic laws protect the rights of sexual minorities,5 violent hate crimes and other forms of discrimination still occur with shocking regularity. South Africa provides a particularly graphic example; it was the first African nation to adopt a constitution providing for, among other things, sexual minority rights6 and the first African nation to legalize same-sex marriage.7 Despite these measures-or perhaps, as this Comment will suggest, as a result of these measures-violent attacks against openly lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ("LGBT") South Africans continue, with "corrective rape" occurring with some frequency.8 Certainly, antigay laws and state-supported discrimination can, and do, increase violence toward gays by legitimizing homophobia and by inciting the public, which previously might not have paid much attention to the LGBT community.9 Laws that protect sexual minorities are clearly a necessary condition-but not necessarily a sufficient one. The presence of domestic and international laws protecting gay rights is not enough to change a population's attitudes and actions toward the LGBT community.10

The international human rights community, though, generally sees changing laws as the necessary first step toward changing attitudes. Where treatment of, and attitudes toward, sexual minorities violate international human rights obligations, international human rights organizations have moved aggressively to advocate for change in domestic laws, with an eye to ultimately transforming attitudes and beliefs toward the LGBT community.11 Given the atrocities that have occurred in recent years,12 it would be unreasonable to expect that human rights organizations would refrain from taking immediate action. But why do international human rights organizations focus their efforts on changing laws, rather than changing attitudes, which could in turn lead to changing laws?

First, this "changing laws" approach has, on the surface, wrought many successes. Over the past two decades, international recognition of LGBT rights has improved dramatically under consistent pressure from human rights activists. The United Nations has, beginning with the ICCPR and the UN Human Rights Committee's ("UNHRC") decision in Toonen v Australia,13 taken a number of affirmative steps to advance the rights of sexual minorities. In the wake of those UN landmarks, LGBT rights organizations have generally agreed that the best way to advance their cause in domestic contexts is to pressure nations to adopt legislation or to alter their constitutions in favor of compliance with international treaties that promote privacy and equality.14

Second, were it equally difficult to change laws and attitudes, there is a strong argument that changing laws would be preferable. Laws that criminalize handholding or prevent human rights groups from organizing15 are detrimental not only to the LGBT movement, but also directly threaten individual privacy and autonomy norms. Most human rights organizations do not address this disparity, possibly due to the dearth of empirical data on the topic. Also, this hypothetical choice between changing laws and changing attitudes might not reflect an actual decision facing organizations, as most international human rights groups have broad scopes and thus attempt to use both strategies simultaneously.16 Whatever the reason, attacking laws certainly garners more attention.17 As a result, most commentators have agreed that at least this much action is required; some commentators go so far as to complain that not enough action is being taken to confront nations over laws that fail to conform to international human rights obligations.18 Working to change law is the clearest and most dramatic way for international human rights groups to advance the goal of safeguarding the rights of sexual minorities.

Third, and perhaps most importantly, LGBT rights groups can devise much stronger arguments for challenging discriminatory domestic laws than they can for complaining about attitudes. In the former case, the groups can appeal to international legal principles and ground their complaints in plain terms-for example, by stating that a nation is violating the terms of the agreement it signed in a specified treaty. This approach appears to have the benefits of simplicity and rationality that the latter approach-attempting to change the deeply held sentiments of a nation and its people-lacks. Thus, it is easy to see why groups have chosen to advocate for changing laws, rather than changing people's attitudes.

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Disorders of Arousal in Children

2008-12-06T09:32:00.000+07:00

The disorders of arousal occur when a person fails to arouse fully from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep to wakefulness and instead remains in a mixed state with features of both states.2 It is hypothesized that the centers in the brain and cervical spinal cord that are responsible for movement become dissociated from the parts of the brain that mediate sleep and wakefulness. This is thought to result in the loss of inhibition of motor activity during sleep. Electroencephalographic studies show that the slow wave sleep of individuals with sleep terrors or sleepwalking tend to have small interruptions indicative of sleep instability. Failure to awaken fully from sleep, loss of motor inhibition, and unstable sleep contribute to the features common to the disorders of arousal.
The evaluation of disorders of arousal involves a careful detailed description of the episodes as well as a developmental and neurological examination. Specific information about the number of hours of sleep obtained in a 24-hour period is important to determine if the child suffers from chronic sleep deprivation. The patient should be screened for primary sleep disorders, such as sleep-disordered breathing, periodic limb movement disorder, and restless leg syndrome. Disorders of arousal are more likely if there is a positive family history of confusional arousals, sleep terrors, or sleepwalking. A thorough medication
history is also helpful. Polysomnography typically is not necessary for the diagnosis of arousal disorders. However, it is useful if sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movement disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, or seizures are suggested. In the latter case, the polysomnogram should be performed with an
expanded EEG montage with coverage in the frontal and temporal regions. Neuroimaging is not usually indicated unless the neurological examination is abnormal or the diagnosis of epilepsy is considered. Laboratory evaluation including a urine drug screen may be considered on a case by case basis.

"Journal" Autumn Stopover Near The Gulf Of Honduras By Nearctic - Neorotopic Migrants

2008-11-06T11:03:00.000+07:00

The Southrastern Yucatan Peninsula hosts High Number Of Transient Nearctic - Neorotopic Migrants during autumn migration. But The importance of this region During Migratory stopover has not been addressed. We studied Autumn stopover body mass gains among passerine migrant in tropical lowland forest 20Km inland From the gulf of Honduras. Most Individual Captured had some subcutaneous fat. Ten of 15 Taxa with sufficient sample size significant positif diel (24Hr) gains in body condition index. Estimates of net mass gains in this 10 taxa suggested they all were depositing fat:Average individuals in four of these taxa were depositing sufficient fuel to undertake an entire night of migration after only i day Fattening: Empidonax spp.. Red-eye Vireo (Vireo Oliveceus), Gray catbird (Dumettela Carolinesis), and Northern watertrusht (seiurus noveboracensis), Two (Wood Thrush (Hylochicla Mustelina) and Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) Of the four Species Apparentely not gaining mass at the study site migrate late in the season and occurred only after Hurricane Iris Severely altered The habitat. Four other species (Gray catbird, Magnolia Warbler). American Redstart. And Indigo Bunting Had Significant gains in mass after the hurricane. These data demonstrate the importance of the region as an autumn stopover site for some species and suggest that stopover areas father north are also important to migrants passing through the southeastern part of the Yucatan peninsula. Andrew B Johnson and Kevin Winker
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Free Download Journal "The Role of Object Recognition in Young Infants’ Object Segregation"

2008-10-31T01:45:00.000+07:00

New results confirm that young infants draw on experientially derived representations in resolving individuation ambiguities due to shared boundaries between adjacent objects. They extend previous findings in a surprising way: The memory representations that infants draw upon have bound together information about shape, color, and pattern. Our commentary on these important results draws a distinction between two senses of “recognition” and asks in which sense object recognition contributes to object individuation in these experiments. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: infant cognition; object recognition; object segregation.Sensory input is continuous. The array of light on the retina, even processed up to the level of Marr’s 21/2D sketch (Marr, 1982), is not segregated into individual objects. Yet distinct individuals are provided by visual cognition as input into many other perceptual and cognitive processes. It is individuals we categorize into kinds; it is individuals we reach for; it is individuals we enumerate; it is individuals among which we represent spatial relations such as “behind” and “inside”; and it is individuals that enter into causal interactions and events. Because of the psychological importance of object representations, the twin problems of how the visual system establishes representations of individuals from the
continuous input it receives and the development of these processes in infancy have engaged psychologists for almost a century. Needham’s elegant research program addresses this problem through an examination of early perceptual development. Many researchers have shown that young infants, like adults, draw upon spatiotemporal information—information about the spatial arrangements and motions of visible surfaces—to establish representations of discrete individuals. Two objects separated in space (on the frontal plane or in depth), or moving on spatiotemporally discontinuous trajectories, are resolved into distinct individuals (e.g., Baillargeon , 1991, 1995; Spelke, 1991; Spelke, von Hofsten, & Kestenbaum, 1989; von Hofsten & Spelke, 1985; Xu & Carey, 1996). In her previous work, Needham has shown that by 4.5 months of age, infants also draw upon featural information to resolve ambiguous displays into distinct individuals (Needham, 1998; Needham & Baillargeon, 1997).That is, shown adjacent objects sharing a boundary, such as the box/hose displays in the target article, infants as young as 4.5 months can use dissimilarity of shape, color, and texture to resolve this display into two distinct objects. These results are somewhat fragile at younger ages, as young infants’ performance appears to be highly dependent on the properties of the test objects: Four-and-a-half- montholds fail when the object features are too complex. However, if infants are first exposed to either component of the test array alone for a few seconds, 4.5- to 5- month-old infants can succeed more reliably at this task, looking longer when the objects move in a unitary manner than when they separate into two discrete individual objects (Needham& Baillargeon , 1998; Needham & Modi, 1999). The effects of experientially derived knowledge extend to brief exposures to one of the objects in the infant’s home 24 h earlier.Susan Carey and Travis Williams New York University Needham’s (2001, this issue)DOWNLOAD HERE

Journal Spirituality and Social Change at Greenham Common Peace Camp

2008-10-31T01:34:00.000+07:00

Christina Welch
This paper explores the spirituality of, and experienced at, Greenham Common Peace Camp,Berkshire, Southern England (1981-2000); a camp established in protest against the sighting of nuclear weapons at Greenham air base. Although spirituality is alluded to in much of the discourse on the nuclear protest site at Greenham, it is at best marginalized in favour of socio-politics. However, there is evidence to suggest that spirituality played a significant role for a number of the Greenham protestors, informing their socio-political protests through poetry, song and prose, as well as visually - with eco-feminist thealogy a potent theme. Through examining existing discourse and by interviewing protestors, this paper concludes that spiritual action for social change at Greenham Peace Camp requires further attention in order to elucidate its significance.
Introduction
In this paper I begin to explore the spirituality of, and at, Greenham Common Peace camp (1981-2000); begin because the research is by necessity partial, and partial because there is only a very little written about this particular aspect of the camp. Although much has been produced about the peace camp at Greenham Common in books, journal articles and the media, the focus has predominantly been upon socio-political issues – perhaps unsurprisingly given the political and military climate in which the protest occurred; the 1980s marked the height of the second cold war (1979-1985), and was a period defined by an increase in militaristic activity by the US and the Soviet Union after the latter's invasion of Afghanistan. Although a fair amount of material has been produced about the peace camp at Greenham Common and the protestors there (Blackwood 1984, Emberley & Landry 1989, Fairhall 2006, Finch 1986, Harford & Hopkins 1984, Jones 1983, Kidron 1983, Kippin 2001, Laware 2004, Liddington 1989, Pettitt 2006a, Roseneil 1995, 2000, Schofield & Anderton 2000, Sellers 1985), a notable gap in the discourse concerns spirituality and faith-based action for social change. In existing work tantalising glimpses of spirituality at the camp appear from the alleged personas of the protesting sites (the New Age Gate, the Religious Gate) through songs that sang of the spirit and mother earth, poetry and prose about witches and the Goddess (Jones 1983: 83, Pettitt 2006b, Jones K 2007),to odd tangential comments about ‘growing spiritualization of the camp’ as the years went by (Jolly Ud). Further, the standing stones memorial to the camp, which echoes Neolithic monuments such asDOWNLOAD HERE

journal Educating For Tolerance And Compassion: Is There A Place For Meditation In A College Classroom?

2008-10-31T01:30:00.000+07:00

Could contemplative practices change the way we think and act so that we move toward a more just, compassionate, and reflective classroom? The author’s personal experiences and preparation for the practice, the content, the impact of the practice on students, and reflections on contemplative practice as a movement in education are offered as an example of the potential for contemplative education in a college classroom.
Keywords: Meditation in a classroom, Contemplative practices, Mindfulness education
Introduction
his article describes the development of experiential contemplative practices in mindfulness taught at a community college in NYC. The author’s personal experiences and preparation for the practice, the content, the impact of the practice on students, and reflections on contemplative practice as a movement in education are offered as an example of the potential for contemplative education in a college classroom. Lana Zinger, Queensborough Community College
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journal "Logotherapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Chronic Combat-related PTSD: A Meaning-based Intervention"

2008-10-20T00:40:00.000+07:00

Combat-related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is often highly debilitating
and affects nearly all areas of psychosocial functioning. Veterans with PTSD re- experience their traumas in the form of haunting intrusive memories, nightmares and flashbacks, and have chronic difficulty modulating arousal As a way to cope with these symptoms, many survivors live isolated and avoidant lives, self-medicate with alcohol and substances of abuse, and numb themselves to emotional experiences and relationships with family and friends. Additionally, many combat veterans report survivor guilt, depression, affect dysregulation, and an altered world view in which fate is seen as uncontrollable and life is viewed as devoid of meaning. In this report we describe the use of logotherapy (healing through meaning) for the treatment of combat-related FTSD Chronic combat-related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is notoriously difficult to treat. While numerous therapeutic approaches have been tried in this population, success rates generally have been modest to moderate. Published therapeutic trials have included treatment with exposure therapies, cognitive processing therapies, psychodynamic psychotherapy, eye movement desen sitization and reprocessing (EMDR), hypnotherapy, and pharmacotherapy (Foa et al., 2000, Silver SM and Rogers S, 2002, Wilson, Friedman and Lindy 2001). These therapies have primarily focused on the alleviation of specific symptoms of PTSD and of symptoms accompanying co-morbid psychiatric disorders. However, even when DSM symptoms respond to treatment, many veterans with PTSD, who have experienced the darkest side of human nature, are left with profound existential questions related to the loss of meaning in life. While less symptomatic, they may remain tormented and in some cases feel hopeless.STEVEN M. SOUTHWICK, M.D, ROBIN GILMARTIN, LCSW, PATRICK MCDONOUGH, LCSW, PAUL MORRISSEY, M.D., MAJ.
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Brain Gym and the success stories that it has made possible in sport and education

2008-10-20T00:29:00.000+07:00

Brain Gym and the success stories that it has made possible in sport and education. In this article we want to give you the references and tools to enable you to try out Brain Gym for yourself. In her review of the literature on Brain Gym in a study done for Strathclyde University, Scotland, Margaret Dunn states that Brain Gym consists of simple movements similar to the movements which in fact are natural in the first three years in life. She says we can consider it a useful tool in a classroom situation because it does not require sophisticated pieces of equipment or large areas of space. Dunn says that Levine (1987) affirms that writing is, still, an important method of learning and expressing knowledge in schools and that the motor act of writing involves a broad array of fine motor and visual-motor skills.
Furthermore, Arter et al. (1996, p26) state:
“No child will be able to produce the fine motor movements for
writing with a pencil until he or she is able to control ……..
larger movements.”
Likewise, Thomas (1997) noted that the Physical Education curriculum
in France plays an important part in the teaching of handwriting and P.E.Tom Maguire
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Modeling Face Identification Processing in Children and Adults

2008-10-19T23:57:00.000+07:00

Two face identification experiments were carried out to study whether and how children (5-year-olds) and adults integrate single facial features to identify faces. Using the paradigm of the Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception each experiment used the same expanded factorial design, with three levels of eyes variations crossed with three levels of mouth variations as well as their corresponding half-face conditions. In Experiment 1, an integration of facial features was observed in adults only. But, in adjusting the salience of the features varied, the results of Experiment 2indicate that children and adults evaluated and integrated information from both features to identify a face. A weighted Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception fit the judgments significantly better than a Single Channel Model and questions previous claims of holistic face processing. Although no developmental differences in the stage of the integration of facial information were observable, differences between children and adults appeared in the information used for face identification. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: face perception; information processing; perceptual development. Notwithstanding the impressive face identification capabilities during infancy (e.g., Bushnell, 1982; Bushnell, Sai, & Mullin, 1989; Pascalis, de Haan, Nelson, & de Schoenen , 1998), face identification during the 1st decade of life continues to undergo development. Young children are dramatically worse than adults atencoding and subsequently identifying unfamiliar faces. Marked improvement between ages 2 and 10 is observed on simple recognition tasks (for an overview see Flin & Dziurawiec, 1989 ). Although these differences could be differences in information processing of fa ces, current research does not offer a definite answer. On the one hand, the litera ture on face recognition suggests that 6-year-old children as well as adults process faces holistically (e.g., Carey, 1996). On the other hand research on non facial visual processing modes demonstrated that children 5 years of age and older process visual stimuli analytically as do adults (Ashkenasy & Odom, 1982; Thompson & Massaro, 1989; Wilkening & Lange, 1989). In an attempt to integrate these research lines, in the present study, we investigate face processing by employing expanded factorial designs varying several sources of information and mathematical model testing. We examine whether children’s and adults’ face processing can be explained by analytic models of perception like the Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception or the Single Channel Model. If these models are able to explain face identification data, evidence for analytic face processing is given; if they fail to explain the data, analytic face processing would be questionable.Gudrun Schwarzer (University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany) and Dominic W. Massaro (University of California, Santa Cruz)
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The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta- Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences

2008-10-19T23:47:00.000+07:00

What are the positive and negative consequences of telecommuting? How do these consequences come about? When are these consequences more or less potent? The authors answer these questions through construction of a theoretical framework and meta- analysis of 46 studies in natural settings involving 12,883 employees. Telecommuting had small but mainly beneficial effects on proximal outcomes, such as perceived autonomy and (lower) work–family conflict. Importantly, telecommuting had no generally detrimental effects on the quality of workplace relationships.Telecommuting also had beneficial effects on more distal outcomes, such as job satisfaction, performance, turnover intent, and role stress. These beneficial consequences appeared to be at least partially mediated by perceived autonomy. Also, high-intensity telecommuting (more than 2.5 days a week) accentuated telecommuting’s beneficial effects on work–family conflict but harmed relationships with coworkers. Results provide building blocks for a more complete theoretical and practical treatment of telecommuting.Ravi S. Gajendran and David A. Harrison Pennsylvania State University
Keywords: telecommuting, distributed work, virtual work, meta-analysis
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Development of Personality in Early and Middle Adulthood: Set Like Plaster or Persistent Change?

2008-10-15T20:25:00.000+07:00

Sanjay Srivastava and Oliver P. John
University of California, Berkeley
Samuel D. Gosling
University of Texas at Austin
Jeff Potter
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Different theories make different predictions about how mean levels of personality traits change in adulthood. The biological view of the Five-factor theory proposes the plaster hypothesis: All personality traits stop changing by age 30. In contrast, contextualist perspectives propose that changes should be more varied and should persist throughout adulthood. This study compared these perspectives in a large (N 132,515) sample of adults aged 21–60 who completed a Big Five personality measure on the Internet. Conscientiousness and Agreeableness increased throughout early and middle adulthood at varying rates; Neuroticism declined among women but did not change among men. The variety in patterns of change suggests that the Big Five traits are complex phenomena subject to a variety of developmental influences.
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Individuals’ ability to predict their own personality test scores

2008-10-15T20:14:00.000+07:00

Introduction
In Europe, over the last 30 years, there has been much use of psychological in particular personality assessment inventories used in the area of occupational and organisational psychology. This has been particularly pronounced in managerial selection, with several international human resource companies still implementing personality questionnaires in an attempt to identify those specific traits which seem be associated with occupational success. There has been a reluctance to give up the use of such standardised questionnaires and rely solely on interview procedures for selection, mainly because of the unreliability involved in reliance on subjective evaluation. Other reasons include the high number of job applicants especially in periods of high unemployment (as witnessed currently in Europe), and the high costs in terms of working hours and finance of interviewing procedures (getting candidates to travel large distance with expensive accommodation and selection through professional interviewers) and the need for objective comparative databases (Furnham 1992). More frequently, over the last couple of decades there has been a policy of employing a dual-pronged strategy, that is, utilising semi-structured interviews combined with psychometric tools by ‘on-site’ honorary personnel consultants.
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Does Drinking Reduce Stress?

2008-10-13T02:16:00.000+07:00

For centuries, people have used alcohol to relieve stress—that is, the interpretation of an event as signaling harm, loss, or threat. The organism usually responds to stress with a variety of behavioral, biological, and cognitive changes. Alcohol consumption can result in a stressresponse dampening (SRD) effect, which can be assessed using various measures. Numerous individual differences and situational factors help determine the extent to which a person experiences SRD after consuming alcohol. Individual differences include a family history of alcoholism, personality traits, extent of self-consciousness, cognitive functioning, and gender. situational factors influencing alcohol’s SRD effect include distractions during a stressful sit uation and the timing of drinking and stress. The attention-allocation model and the appraisal disruption model have been advanced to explain the influence of those situational factors. KEYWORDS: AOD (alcohol or other drug) use; psychological stress; tension reduction theory; family AODU (AOD use, abuse, and dependence) history; personality trait; cognition; gender differences; context dynamics; temporal context; theoretical model; literature review. Michael A. Sayette, Ph.D.
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MENTAL RETARDATION

2008-10-13T02:14:00.000+07:00

Mental retardation (MR) can result from a variety of causes: congenital malformations, genetic, teratogenic, infectious, toxic, and perinatal factors, and postnatal complications. It is often impossible to attribute a particular child’s or adolescent’s MR to a single cause; in half of the children and adolescents for whom causal factors are known, there is more than one such factor (e.g., early bacterial meningitis and lack of intellectual stimulation in the home). The milder the MR, the more difficult it typically is to identify a specific etiology.
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Synthesis of Indigo and “Vat Dyeing”

2008-10-13T02:13:00.000+07:00

Indigo is a dark blue/purple dye that has been known since antiquity. Egyptian mummies have been found wrapped in cloth dyed with indigo. The natural source is a leguminous plant which is ground up to produce a juice which contains a colorless, water soluble precursor of the dye. If the juice is fermented, a colorless liquid is recovered. If this liquid is allowed to stand in contact with air, perhaps after soaking some fabric with it, a chemical reaction (oxidation) takes place, and a dark blue pigment (indigo) precipitates.From James R. McKee and Murray Zanger, Journal of Chemical Education 68, A242-244 (1991)
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Can amnesic patients learn without awareness? New evidence comparing deterministic and probabilistic sequence learning

2008-10-13T01:56:00.000+07:00

Can associative learning take place without awareness? We explore this issue in a sequence learning paradigm with amnesic and control participants, who were simply asked to react to one of four possible stimuli on each trial. Unknown to them, successive stimuli occurred in a sequence. We manipulated the extent to which stimuli followed the sequence in a deterministic manner (noiseless condition) or only probabilistically so (noisy condition). Through this paradigm, we aimed at addressing two central issues: first, we asked whether sequence learning takes place in either
condition with amnesic patients. Second, we asked whether this learning takes place without awareness. To answer this second question, participants were asked to perform a subsequent sequence generation task under inclusion and exclusion conditions, as well as a recognition task. Reaction times results showthat amnesic patients learned the sequence only in the deterministic condition. However, they failed to be able to reproduce the sequence in the generation task. In contrast, we found learning for both sequence structures in control participants, but only control participants exposed to a deterministic sequence were successful in performing the generation task, thus suggesting that the acquired knowledge can be used consciously
in this condition. Neither amnesic nor control participants showed correct old/new judgments in the recognition task. The results strengthen the claim that implicit learning is at least partly spared in amnesia, and the role of contextual information available for learning is discussed.
© 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Amnesia; Sequence learning; Awareness
1. Introduction
Whether associative learning can take place without awareness
is a central issue for the cognitive neurosciences. Amnesic
patients, whose explicit memory is severely impaired, provide
us with a unique opportunity to explore this issue. In this paper,
we explored the extent to which such patients are able to learn
about the regularities contained in deterministic or probabilistic
sequences of events presented visually in the context of a
choice reaction time task – a robust paradigm known as sequence
learning, and in which incidental learning has been abundantly
documented, both with normal participants (Nissen&Bullemer,
1987; Cleeremans&McClelland, 1991; Reed&Johnson, 1994)
as well as with special populations (Nissen & Bullemer, 1987;
Muriel Vandenberghe, Nicolas Schmidt, Patrick Fery, Axel Cleeremans
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Gender differences in psychological distress, coping, social support and related variables following the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake.

2008-10-13T01:53:00.000+07:00

This study examined gender differences in psychological distress, coping strategies and social support subsequent to the 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake. The study also aimed to examine variables related to distress levels for females and males. A sample of 315 adult survivors living in Dinar were administered a questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic variables, earthquake impact, psychological distress, coping strategies, perceived social support and life events since the earthquake, in February 1997, 16 months after the earthquake.Karanci, N.A., Alkan, N., Aksit, B., S ucuoglu, H., Balta, E1 Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. A. Nuray Karanci, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey.
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Learning strategies in amnesia

2008-10-13T01:42:00.000+07:00

Maarten Speekenbrink, Shelley Channon and David R. Shanks Department of Psychology University College London.
Abstract
Previous research suggests that early performance of amnesic individuals in a probabilistic category learning task is relatively unimpaired. When combined with impaired declarative knowledge, this is taken as evidence for the existence of separate implicit and explicit memory systems. The present study contains a more fine-grained analysis of learning than earlier studies. Using a dynamic lens model approach with plausible learning models, we found that the learning process is indeed indistinguishable between an amnesic and control group. However, in contrast to earlier findings, we found that explicit knowledge of the task structure is also good in both the amnesic and the control group. This is inconsistent with a crucial prediction from the multiple-systems account. The results can be explained from a single system account and previously found differences in later categorization performance can be accounted for by a difference in learning rate.
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Physical Maltreatment Victim to Antisocial Child: Evidence of an Environmentally Mediated Process

2008-10-13T01:39:00.000+07:00

Sara R. Jaffee University of Pennsylvania and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London
Avshalom Caspi and Terrie E. Moffitt Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London and University of Wisconsin—Madison
Alan Taylor Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London

The well-documented finding that child physical maltreatment predicts later antisocial behavior has atleast 2 explanations: (a) Physical maltreatment causes antisocial behavior, and (b) genetic factors transmitted from parents to children influence the likelihood that parents will be abusive and that children will engage in antisocial behavior. The authors tested these hypotheses in the representative
Environmental-Risk cohort of 1,116 twin pairs and their families, who were assessed when the twins were 5 and 7 years old. Mothers reported on children’s experience of physical maltreatment, and mothers and teachers reported on children’s antisocial behavior. The findings support the hypothesis that physical maltreatment plays a causal role in the development of children’s antisocial behavior and that preventing
maltreatment can prevent its violent sequelae.
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Homosexuality and the Bible

2008-10-13T01:32:00.000+07:00

Frederick E. Greenspahn
CCAR Journal: A Reform Jewish Quarterly
FREDERICK E. GREENSPAHN is professor of religious studies at the University
of Denver, Denver, Colorado.The Bible has played a significant role in the debates relating tohomosexuality that have raged over the past several years. Invoked
by conservatives and rejected by liberals, the Bible is understood by both sides as condemning homosexuality. Examples of this view are legion. According to David Novak, “there are few prohibitions that are more unambiguous than the traditional Jewish
prohibition of male homosexual acts,”while Gordon Tucker describes it as “about as explicit and unambiguous as a biblical prohibition can be.”Reform authorities echo that opinion; a 1981 CCAR responsum proclaimed, “The biblical prohibition against
homosexuality is absolutely clear.”It is the burden of this paper to challenge that characterization of the Bible’s position. We will seek to show that the Bible’s view is not at all clear, at least with regard to the issues currently under discussion.
Religious leaders who support gay rights need not, therefore, feel constrained by the Bible, while those who disapprove of homosexuality would be well advised to find other grounds onwhich to base their stance. Whatever one’s position, it is important that the biblical evidence not be taken lightly nor its teachings rejected out of hand.Since the authority of religious leaders derives ultimately from the Bible, those who discard it run the risk of undermining their own credibility as well. Moreover, the fact that the Bible has so often been cited in support of restricting and even persecuting homosexuals increases the urgency of understanding exactly what
it says. It would be ironic if Jews who support homosexual rights abandoned the Bible to those who use it to justify intolerance and abuse in much the way that the New Testament has long been invoked by anti-Semites. Removing the stigma and restrictions
connected to homosexuality must be done in a way that maintains respect for tradition. Over time, such an approach is likely to attract greater support and thus achieve longer-lasting success
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Treating Insomnia in General Practice

2008-10-13T01:28:00.000+07:00

Mark Camilleri
Case Presentation
LS is a 13-year-old boy who presented with a one month history of difficulty in falling asleep. He was accompanied by his mother, who asked that he be prescribed some form of sleeping pill to solve the problem, because she was worried that it was affecting his concentration at school.
DT is a 23-year-old gentleman whose sleep duration had decreased progressively over the previous three months, from 5 to 6 hours per night to a maximum of 2 hours per night. This lower extreme had now lasted nearly 3 weeks, and he felt that it was completely “wrecking” his daytime routine, with what he described as “very low levels of consciousness and alertness” throughout the day.
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Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal?

2008-10-13T01:08:00.000+07:00

Henry E. Adams, Lester W. Wright, Jr., and Bethany A. Lohr
University of Georgia The authors investigated the role of homosexual arousal in exclusively heterosexual men who admitted negative affect toward homosexual individuals. Participants consisted of a group of homophobic men (n = 35) and a group of nonhomophobic men (n = 29); they were assigned to groups on the basis of their scores on the Index of Homophobia (W. W. Hudson & W. A. Ricketts, 1980).The men were exposed to sexually explicit erotic stimuli consisting of heterosexual, male homosexual,and lesbian videotapes, and changes in penile circumference were monitored. They also completedan Aggression Questionnaire (A. H. Buss & M. Perry, 1992 ). Both groups exhibited increasesin penile circumference to the heterosexual and female homosexual videos. Only the homophobic men showed an increase in penile erection to male homosexual stimuli. The groups did not differ in aggression. Homophobia is apparently associated with homosexual arousal that the homophobic individual is either unaware of or denies.
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The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta- Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences

2008-10-07T18:04:00.000+07:00

Ravi S. Gajendran and David A. Harrison (Pennsylvania State University)
What are the positive and negative consequences of telecommuting? How do these consequences come about? When are these consequences more or less potent? The authors answer these questions through construction of a theoretical framework andmeta -analysis of 46 studies in natural settings involving 12,883 employees. Telecommuting had small but mainly beneficial effects on proximal outcomes, such as perceived autonomy and (lower) work–family conflict. Importantly, telecommuting had no generally detrimental effects on the quality of workplace relationships. Telecommuting also had beneficial effect on more distal outcomes, such as job satisfaction, performance, turnover intent, and role stress. These beneficial consequences appeared to be at least partially mediated by perceived autonomy. Also,
high-intensity telecommuting (more than 2.5 days a week) accentuated telecommuting’s beneficial effects on work–family conflict but harmed relationships with coworkers. Results provide building blocks for a more complete theoretical and practical treatment of telecommuting.Keywords: telecommuting, distributed work, virtual work, meta-analysis
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Work–Family Conflict: Experiences and Health Implications Among Immigrant Latinos

2008-10-07T18:00:00.000+07:00

Joseph G. Grzywacz, Thomas A. Arcury, and Antonio Marı´n(Wake Forest University School of Medicine), Lourdes Carrillo and Bless Burke(Centro Latino of Caldwell County), Michael L. Coates and Sara A. Quandt(Wake Forest University School of Medicine)
Work–family conflict research has focused almost exclusively on professional, White adults. The goal of this article was to expand the understanding of culture and industry in shaping experiences andconsequences of work–family conflict. Using in-depth interview data (n 26) and structured survey data(n 200) from immigrant Latinos employed in the poultry processing industry, the authors evaluated predictions drawn from emerging models emphasizing the influence of cultural characteristics such as collectivism and gender ideology on work–family conflict. Results indicated that immigrant Latinos in poultry processing experienced infrequent work-to-family conflict; both the level and the antecedents of work-to-family conflict differed by gender, with physical demands contributing to greater conflict forwomen but not men. In addition, there was little evidence that work–family conflict was associated with health in this population. These results demonstrate how traditional models of work–family conflict need to be modified to reflect the needs and circumstances of diverse workers in the new global economy.
Keywords: work–family conflict, immigrant workers, culture, job demands, quantitative -qualitative
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The Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Its Applications in Science Classroom

2008-10-07T17:57:00.000+07:00

Ong Eng Tek (The Inspectorate of Schools,Ministry of Education Malaysia, Putrajaya)
Yeam Koon Peng(Maktab Perguruan Persekutuan, Pulau Pinang)
Abstract:
This article aims to give an overview on the Theory of Multiple Intelligences – a theory that was propounded by Howard Gardner in his widely cited books, “Frames of Mind” (Gardner, 1983) and “Intelligence Reframed” (Gardner, 1999). A Multiple Intelligences Profile Assessment is provided to help teachers gauge “where their students are”, thus providing them information on every student intelligence profile, which in turn, serves to inform them the best way forward to personalise and maximise learning. This article ends with some lesson ideas on teaching primary school students various parts of the body.
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The Aftermath of 9/11: Effect of Intensity and Recency of Trauma on Outcome

2008-10-07T17:44:00.000+07:00

Does trauma exposure have a long-term impact on the brain and behavior of healthy individuals? The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the impact of proximity to the disaster of September 11, 2001, on amygdala function in 22 healthy adults. More than three years after the terrorist attacks, bilateral amygdala activity in response to viewing fearful faces compared to calm ones washigher in people who were within 1.5 miles of the World Trade Center on 9/11,relative to those who were living more than 200 miles away (all were living in the New York metropolitan area at time of scan). This activity mediated the relationship between group status and current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. In turn, the effect of group status on both amygdala activation (fearful vs. calm faces) and
current symptoms was statistically explained by time since worst trauma in lifetime and intensity of worst trauma, as indicated by reported symptoms at time of the trauma. These data are consistent with a model of heightened amygdala reactivity following high-intensity trauma exposure, with relatively slow recovery. Keywords: amygdala, trauma, stress, neuroplasticity, 9/11
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Child Life Department

2008-09-20T03:49:00.021+07:00

The essence of what we do it to help make the hospital, procedures and interactions child friendly.

Are you training to heal the body?
Are you training to prevent illness & injury?
Is your primary role to promote healing & prevent illness?

What you are to the child’s body, a CCLS is to their heart and soul.We prevent and treat injuries to their hearts & souls.

In treating a child you can do it in a way that is either helpful or hurtful to that child’s heart & soul.

My hope is that you will have the tools to do it in a way that is helpful to their bodies & hearts & souls.
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Generalized Emotion How it May be Produced, and Sentic Cycle Therapy

2008-09-20T03:49:00.020+07:00

BY: Manfred Clynes
In this chapter we are concerned with a novel, yet natural way of producing emotions using dynamic expression and touch as a mode for the precise expression of emotions, and as a special, new art form. This way is outside the life-line of an individual, i.e., does not depend on events happening to that person, is controllable, easily achieved, tells us much about the nature of emotion and its communication and results in preventive and therapeutic applications for emotional balance. First discovered in 1968(Clynes,1968,1969,1973a), it probably is still new to many psychologists. Indeed, it can seem novel and perplexing from a social perspective not quite unlike had music been invented for the first time. (Like music, it selectively engenders and utilizes generalized emotion.)
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Emotion regulation and understanding Implications for child psychopathology and therapy

2008-09-20T03:49:00.019+07:00

Michael A. Southam-Gerowa,*, Philip C. Kendallb
aDepartment of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
bDepartment of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Received 19 June 2000; accepted 7 January 2001
Abstract
This paper considers the role of emotion regulation (i.e., extrinsic and intrinsic monitoring and adjusting of emotion) and emotion understanding(i.e., comprehension of the signs of, causes of, and ways to regulate emotion) in childhood adjustment.Developmental and clinical research focused on emotion regulation and emotion understanding are reviewed with an emphasis on studies including psychopathological samples. The implications of emotion research for the study of child psychopathology and child therapy are examined. D 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Is Emotion a Natural Kind?

2008-09-20T03:49:00.018+07:00

Paul E. Griffiths,
Department of History and Philosophy of Science,
Introduction
In What Emotions Really Are: The problem of psychological categories (Griffiths, 1997) I argued that it is unlikely that all the psychological states and processes that fall under the vernacular category of emotion are sufficiently similar to one another to allow a unified scientific psychology of the emotions. The psychological, neuroscientific and biological theories that best explain any particular subset of human emotions will not adequately explain all human emotions. In a slogan, emotions are not a natural kind (pp. 14-17; 241-247)i. I argued that the same is probably true of many specific emotion categories, such as anger and love (p. 17). On some occasions when a person is properly said to be angry, certain psychological, neuroscientific and biological theories will adequately explain what is happening to that person. On other occasions of anger, however, different theories will be needed. I described my position as eliminitivism about emotion, because it implies that the term ‘emotion’ and some specific emotion terms like
‘anger’ are examples of what philosophers of language have called ‘partial reference’ (p. 242). The term ‘jade’ is the classic example of partial reference. The term ‘jade’ is used as if it referred to a particular kind of mineral, in the same manner as ‘malachite’ or ‘diamond’. In reality, however, the term covers two different stones, jadeite or nephrite. The term ‘jade’ partially refers to each of these two minerals. Hence, for the purposes of geology or chemistry, jade cannot be treated as a single kind of thing. The properties of the two substances have to be investigated separately, their geological origins explained separately and their abundance in unknown geological deposits predicted separately. Likewise, I argued, the sciences of the mind will have to develop separate theories of the
various different kinds of emotion and also of the various different kinds of some particular emotions. In the same sense that there is really no such thing as jade, only jadeite and nephrite, there is no such thing as emotion, only ‘affect programs’, ‘socially sustained pretences’ and other more specific categories of psychological state and process.
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Anger Management: A Holistic Approach

2008-09-20T03:49:00.017+07:00

Berthenya Dunbar
Anger is often a difficult emotion to express and understand. However, the consequences of unmanaged anger aremanifested in the physical, emotional, and interpersonal arenas of many lives everyday. The program presented in this article uses cognitive behavioral therapy in a holistic approach to anger management treatment.Twelve anger management treatment concepts, participant assessment, group design, and facilitator characteristics are addressed. This article provides a guide for advancedpractice registered nurses to use in the development of a program that respects the complexity of patients who present for anger management treatment. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2004; 10(1), 16-23.
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Emotion

2008-09-20T03:49:00.016+07:00

FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON EMOTION
1. Emotion as feeling
2. Emotion as behaviour
3. Emotion as arousal
4. The cognitive approach to emotion
5. The social approach to emotion
SPECIFIC EMOTIONS
-Five fundamental emotions
--Other discrete emotions
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION
-Early theories
-Recent theories
-Attachment
-Emotional intelligence
CAN EMOTIONS MALFUNCTION?
-Psychosomatic disorders and panic attacks
-Theories of neurotic anxiety
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Emotion Expression in Human Punishment Behavior

2008-09-20T03:49:00.015+07:00

Erte Xiao & Daniel Houser
Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science, George Mason University
Evolutionary theory reveals that punishment is effective in promoting cooperation and maintaining social norms1-3. Although it is accepted that emotions are connected to punishment decisions4-8, there remains substantial debate over why humans use costly punishment5,9,10. Here we show experimentally that constraints on emotion expression can increase the use of costly punishment. We report data from Ultimatum Games11, where a proposer offers a division of a sum of money and a responder decides whether to accept the split, or reject and leave both players with nothing. Compared to the treatment where expressing emotions directly to proposers is prohibited, rejection of unfair offers is significantly less frequent when responders can convey their feelings to the proposer concurrently with their decisions. These data support the view that costly punishment might itself be used to express negative emotions, and suggest that future studies will benefit by recognizing that human demand for emotion expression can have significant behavioral consequences in social environments including families, courts, companies and markets12-14.
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy and the Treatment of Emotion Dysregulation

2008-09-20T03:49:00.014+07:00

Shelley McMain and Lorne M. Korman
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
and the University of Toronto
Linda Dimeff
University of Washington
and the Behavioral Technology Group

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a disorder characterized by severe
disturbances in emotion regulation. In Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT),
affect dysregulation is seen as a consequence of a transaction between a biological predisposition to emotion vulnerability and invalidating environmental experiences. In the past few years, a growing body of research has accumulated demonstrating the efficacy of DBT in treating severely disordered, chronically suicidal, and substance-dependent individuals with BPD. This article describes a DBT approach to the treatment of emotion regulation in individuals with BPD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin
Psychol/In Session 57: 183–196, 2001.
Keywords: borderline personality disorder; emotion dysregulation; Dialectical
Behavior Therapy; affect regulation
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Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation

2008-09-20T03:49:00.013+07:00

Iris B. Mauss a,¤, Crystal L. Cook b, James J. Gross b
a Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA
b Jordan Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Received 16 December 2005; revised 27 July 2006
Abstract
Individuals frequently have to regulate their emotions, especially negative ones, to function successfully. However, deliberate emotion regulation can have signiWcant costs for the individual. Are there less costly ways to achieve emotion regulatory goals? In two studies, we test the hypothesis that more automatic types of emotion regulation might provide the beneWts of deliberate emotion regulation without the costs. Study 1 introduces a priming technique that manipulates automatic emotion regulation. Using this priming technique, we show that relative to priming emotion expression, priming emotion control leads to less anger experience in response to a laboratory anger provocation. Study 2 examines the experiential and physiological consequences of automatic emotion regulation. Results suggest that relative to priming emotion expression, priming emotion control reduces negative emotion experience without maladaptive cardiovascular responding. Together, these Wndings suggest that automatic emotion regulation may provide an eVective means of controlling powerful negative emotions. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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expressed emotion acrossculture

2008-09-20T03:49:00.012+07:00

Abstract Expressed emotion has been used as a construct in understanding the interaction between patients
and their carers and families. A considerable amount of data from Western cultures suggests that high expressed emotion can lead to relapse in vulnerable individuals, even when they are on medication.However, the data from other cultures are less solid. This paper reviews some of the existing findings and recommends that various components of expressed emotion must be seen in the cultural context and embedded in the normative data of the population before the concept can be considered in association with the pathogenesis of relapse.
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Positive Psychotherapy

2008-09-20T03:49:00.011+07:00

Martin E. P. Seligman, Tayyab Rashid,
and Acacia C. Parks
Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania
Positive psychotherapy (PPT) contrasts with standard interventions for depression by increasing positive emotion, engagement, and meaning rather than directly targeting depressive symptoms. The authors have tested the effects of these interventions in a variety of settings. In informal student and clinical settings, people not uncommonly reported them to be “life-changing.” Delivered on the Web, positive psychology exercises relieved depressive symptoms for at least 6 months compared with placebo interventions, the effects of which lasted less than a week. In severe depression, the effects of these Web exercises were particularly striking. This address reports two preliminary studies: In the first, PPT delivered to groups significantly decreased levels of mild-to-moderate depression through 1-year follow-up. In the second, PPT delivered to individuals produced higher remission rates than did treatment as usual and treatment as usual plus medication among outpatients with major depressive disorder. Together, these studies suggest that treatments for depression may usefully be supplemented by exercises that explicitly increase positive emotion, engagement, andmeaning
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Children’s Anger and Tantrums

2008-09-20T03:49:00.010+07:00

by R.J. Fetsch and B. Jacobson
All of us who are parents or who are involved with children and youth can play a vital role in their lives by learning to be the best parents we can be. How? By practicing effective parenting strategies from very early on.
One of the best opportunities for parents and their children to learn effective parenting and anger management strategies is when children get angry or have temper tantrums. If parents can manage their reactions to temper tantrums well, they can manage many other parenting situations.
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Corrective Emotional Experience in the Therapeutic Process

2008-09-20T03:49:00.009+07:00

David Hartman, MSW and Diane Zimberoff, M.A. *
Abstract: While we are using Alexander’s work as a beginning point for this analysis of
corrective emotional experience in the therapeutic process, we extend the concept beyond
the level of ego experience (emotion, memory, and cognition) to that of Self or Soul experience (the transpersonal realms of collective unconscious, subtle energy, and the spirit world). Our analysis is grounded on the basic premise of our developmental theory, which is existential, transcendent, and karmic. Healing unresolved traumas from early life requires accessing the events that produced the trauma,re - experiencing them cathartically in the original ego state, and reframing the meaning of the experience through corrective emotional experiences. We identify more than twenty types of corrective experiences, and suggest that they all fit into one of three categories: (1) building ego strength through release of shame and reclaiming worthiness; (2) building agency through release of helplessness and reclaiming personal power; and (3) building authenticity through release of dissociation and identification and reclaiming self-reflective identity.
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Autism and Autistic Symptoms Associated with Childhood Lead Poisoning

2008-09-20T03:49:00.008+07:00

Theodore I. Lidsky, PhD*
Jay S. Schneider, PhD†
ABSTRACT
Autism is a developmental disorder that impairs both nonverbal and verbal communication and reciprocal social interactions and is seen in association with an
abnormally restricted range of interests. Although symptoms typically develop without clear etiological cause, some cases are associated with disorders or conditions that negatively impact brain development. Lead is a neurotoxin to which the developing brain is particularly vulnerable. Moreover, lead poisoning in children is known to negatively affect brain systems implicated in cognitive, communication, and social functioning. The present paper presents two case histories of children who, during periods of severe lead poisoning, developed autism or autistic symptoms.These cases underscore that there are multiple causes of autism and the importance of environmental influences in some cases.
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A Tale of Two Visions Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?

2008-09-20T03:49:00.007+07:00

John D. Mayer
University of New Hampshire
Personality psychology studies how psychological systems
work together. Consequently, the field can act as a unifying resource for the broader discipline of psychology. Yet personality’s current fieldwide organization promotes a
fragmented view of the person, seen through such competing theories as the psychodynamic, trait, and humanistic. There exists an alternative—a systems framework for personality—that focuses on 4 topics: identifying personality, personality’s parts, its organization, and its development. This new framework and its view of personality are described. The framework is applied to such issues as personality
measurement, psychotherapy outcome research, and education. The new framework may better organize the field of personality and help with its mission of addressing
how major psychological systems interrelate.
Keywords: fieldwide framework, personality psychology, personality structure, personality measurement, integrative psychotherapy
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Anger, Hostility, and Aggression

2008-09-20T03:49:00.006+07:00

Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
1. Discuss anger, hostility, and aggression.
2. Describe psychiatric disorders that may be associated with an increased
risk of hostility and physical aggression in clients.
3. Describe the signs, symptoms, and behaviors associated with the five
phases of aggression.
4. Discuss appropriate nursing interventions for the client during the five
phases of aggression.
5. Describe important issues for nurses to be aware of when working with
angry, hostile, or aggressive clients.
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Young Children’s Post Tantrum Affiliation With Their Parents

2008-09-20T03:49:00.005+07:00

M. Potegal* and R.J. Davidson
Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
In our database of 331 parental narratives of tantrums had by children 18–60 months old, 29% of the tantrums were followed by child-initiated affiliation with parents. Four variables increased the probability of children’s post tantrum affiliation (PTA): age, prolonged screaming, physiological stress, and parent-initiated separation from the child during the tantrum. The age effect may be due to increasing post tantrum persistence of negative affect, to the emergence of shame, guilt, and embarrassment over this developmental period, and/or to increasing cognitive ability, empathic capacity, or socialization. Screaming, which may be analogous to the defensive vocalizations of nonhuman primates, increases PTA when prolonged for 6 min or more. Physiological stress (indicated by autonomic activation or respiratory distress) appears linked to prolonged screaming and may mediate its effects by increasing the child’s dysphoria and need for consolation. Separation (parents’ departure from the scene of the tantrum or their imposition of a time out) also appears linked to prolonged screaming and may reflect parents’ response to an aversive auditory stimulus. There was no evidence that PTA was associated with the presence or degree of physically expressed anger in the tantrum. PTA may be associated with distress during the tantrum. The post conflict reconciliation which occurs in several domains of human social life may be first experienced by children in the aftermath of their tantrums. Aggr. Behav. 23:329–341, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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RUNNING HEAD: THE NATURE OF EMOTION REGULATION

2008-09-20T03:49:00.004+07:00

On the nature of emotion regulation
Joseph J. Campos
University of California, Berkeley
Carl B. Frankel
Stanford University
Linda Camras
De Paul University
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Emotion dysregulation and the development of borderline personality disorder

2008-09-20T03:49:00.003+07:00

KATHERINE M. PUTNAMa,b and KENNETH R. SILKc
aNational Center for PTSD, Boston; bBoston University Medical Center; and
cUniversity of Michigan Health System
Abstract
We review the role of emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder ~BPD!. We briefly discuss the historical development of BPD as a disorder where emotional regulation plays a key role. We review the concept of emotion regulation in general and explore both one-factor and two-factor models of emotion regulation. We discuss cognitive and attentional aspects of emotion regulation, and explore these regulatory controls as operating as both voluntary as well as automatic processes. We then turn to other neurophysiological models of emotion regulation in general and examine how those models, both neurophysiologically and neuroanatomically, are expressed in individuals with BPD. We examine how neuroimaging, both anatomical and functional, reveals the roles that various neuroanatomical structures play in the regulation of emotion in BPD. We conclude by creating a neurodevelopmental model that describes how a complex matrix involving the interplay of constitutional0biological predispositions with environmental stressors as well as with parental effectiveness in response to the child’s emotion expression can impact key aspects of adult cognitive, affective, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning that culminate in a diagnosis of BPD.
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Successful Communication

2008-09-20T03:49:00.002+07:00

A Toolkit for Researchers and Civil Society Organisations
by: Ingie Hovland
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Alcohol Abuse as a Risk Factor for and Consequence of Child Abuse

2008-09-20T03:49:00.001+07:00

Cathy Spatz Widom, Ph.D., with Susanne Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Ph.D.
The relationship between child abuse and the use or abuse of alcohol has two aspects. First, some findings have indicated that parental alcohol abuse may be associated with the physical or sexual abuse of children. Research findings in this area remain inconsistent, however. Second, the experience of being abused as a child may increase a person’s risk for alcohol-related problems as an adult. This relationship has best been demonstrated in women who had been victims of childhood abuse. Several factors most likely contribute to or influence this relationship, including coping skills;antisocial behavior; and psychological problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. KEY WORDS: child abuse; AOD (alcohol or other drug) abuse; risk factors; family AODU (AOD use,abuse, and dependence) history; family dysfunction; marital conflict; sexual abuse; coping; antisocial behavior; posttraumatic stress disorder
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COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS AND SOCIAL SELF-ESTEEM IN SEXUAL OFFENDERS

2008-09-20T03:49:00.000+07:00

Susan Pervan
Mick Hunter
University of Newcastle
New South Wales, Australia
This study examined the cognitive distortions concerning sexual offending
behaviour and social self-esteem of four groups of men (child molesters, rapists, violent offenders, and a control group of university students) using the Bumby RAPE and MOLEST Scales, the Social Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Marlowe-Crowne SocialDesirability Scale. The Bumby RAPE Scale did not discriminate convincingly between thegroups, although the Bumby MOLEST scale did find less disagreement with cognitive distortions among child molesters compared to rapists and violent offenders, but not less than university students. Social self-esteem scores varied between groups with the child molesters showing the lowest self-esteem scores.Furthermore, offenders with high selfesteem selected more pro-social responses than did offenders with low self-esteem.Recent research concerning sexual offender behaviour has established a number of factors commonly associated with offending (Marshall, 1996; Polaschek &King, 2002). Sexual offenders have been shown to exhibit poor intimacy skills(Garlick, Marshall,& Thornton, 1996; Lisak & Ivan, 1995; Marshall , Bryce, Hudson, Ward, & Moth, 1996; Seidman, Marshall, Hudson, &Robertson, 1994;), to experience high degrees of loneliness(Marshall, et al., 1996; Seidman, Marshall, Hudson, & Robertson,1994;), experience social difficulties (Marshall, 1996); exhibit poor coping strategies and engage in sexual coping (Marshall,Cripps, Anderson, & Cortoni, 1999), hold cognitive distortions.
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Social status and aggression: A field study analyzed by survival analysis

2008-09-19T03:33:00.001+07:00

Social status and aggression: A field study analyzed by survival analysis

Diekmann, Andreas; Jungbauer-Gans, Monika; Krassnig, Heinz; Lorenz, Sigrid

The Journal of Social Psychology; Dec 1996; 136, 6; Academic Research Library

pg. 761

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

2008-09-19T03:33:00.000+07:00

F. Gerard Moeller, M.D., and Donald M. Dougherty, Ph.D.
Epidemiologic studies and laboratory research consistently link alcohol use with aggression. Not all people, however, exhibit increased aggression under the influence of alcohol. Recent research suggests that people with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may be more prone to alcohol-related aggression than people without ASPD. As a group, people with ASPD have higher rates of alcohol dependence and more alcohol -related problems than people without ASPD. Likewise, in laboratory studies, people with ASPD show greater increases in aggressive behavior after consuming alcohol than people without ASPD. The association between ASPD and alcohol-related aggression may result from biological factors, such as ASPD-related impairments in the functions of certain brain chemicals (e.g., serotonin) or in the activities of higher reasoning, or “executive,” brain regions. Alternatively, the association between ASPD and alcohol -related aggression may stem from some as yet undetermined factor(s) that increase the risk for aggression in general. KEY WORDS: antisocial personality disorder; aggressive behavior; AODR (alcohol or other drug [AOD] related) behavioral problem; personality trait; AODR violence; expectancy theory of AODU (AOD use, abuse, and dependence); disinhibition theory of AODU; neurobiological theory of AODU; brain function; AODE (effects of AOD use, abuse, and dependence) on emotion

Numerous studies indicate an association between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior. Not all people who consume alcohol, however, become aggressive. In trying to elucidate the relationship between alcohol consumption and aggression, researchers have suggested that people with a psychiatric condition called antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) may be particularly susceptible to alcohol-related aggression. This article explores that association in more detail. First, the article describes the distinguishing features of ASPD. Then it reviews the findings of epidemiologic and laboratory studies that have investigated the link between ASPD and aggression. Finally, the article presents several mechanisms that may contribute to differences between people with and without ASPD with respect to alcohol-related aggression.
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